Transdisciplinaridade e unidade cientifica

A unificação da ciência através da transdisciplinaridade para a solução
dos problemas civilizacionais.


Heitor Matallo Junior
Junho, 2021

 

I. Breve resumo sobre a unidade da ciência

A busca pela unidade da ciência nos parece as vezes um remanescente esotérico do pitagorismo, que atribuía todo o universo a uma feliz e harmoniosa confluência dos números.

Este ideal do conhecimento unitário e universal tem sua origem sistemática na filosofia grega e perpassa o pensamento ocidental até o século XXI. Platão (428 aC – 348 aC) menciona no diálogo O Sofista, que “o conhecimento também é certamente um, mas cada parte dele que comanda um certo campo é marcada e recebe um nome especial próprio”.

Algumas décadas depois da morte de Platão começaram a aparecer os tratados de Euclides de Megara (325 aC – 265 aC), que vão se completar totalmente após a sua morte, através de um grupo de matemáticos que trabalhava com ele em Alexandria. Obra monumental e precisa que inspirou filósofos por séculos, incluindo Galileu, que quase dois mil anos depois, na mesma linha, afirmaria que “o grandíssimo livro (da natureza) está escrito em linguagem matemática e os caracteres são triângulos, círculos e outras figuras geométricas (…) sem as quais se estará vagando em vão por um obscuro labirinto”.

Durante a Idade Média, outras tantas contribuições na busca de um conhecimento perfeito e único, a começar pelo advento e expansão do cristianismo e a reorganização do conhecimento refletida na ideia de um mundo governado pelas leis ditadas por Deus.

No século XIII aparece a figura Ramon Llull (1232 -1316) que se dedicou, entre muitas outras coisas, a desenhar uma máquina logica, a que chamou de Ars Generalis Ultima (‘Última arte general’) com a finalidade de revelar a verdade ou mentira de um postulado, por meio da organização da linguagem através das formas geométricas perfeitas (circulo, cubo, quadrado, triangulo). A finalidade última da máquina era explicar as verdades da ciência e da filosofia como se fossem uma única coisa.

No final do século XVI, Francis Bacon sustentava que uma unidade das ciências era o resultado de nossa organização de registros de fatos materiais descobertos na forma de uma pirâmide com diferentes níveis de generalidades. Estes poderiam ser classificados por sua vez de acordo com as disciplinas vinculadas às faculdades humanas.

Gottfried Leibniz (1646 -1726) propôs a chamada characteristica universalis, ou seja, uma ciência geral na forma de uma enciclopédia demonstrativa., baseada em um “catálogo de pensamentos simples” e uma linguagem algébrica de símbolos, que…

Continue lendo…

IPCC steps up warning on climate tipping points in leaked draft report

Climate scientists are increasingly concerned that global heating will trigger tipping points in Earth’s natural systems, which will lead to widespread and possibly irrevocable disaster, unless action is taken urgently.

The impacts are likely to be much closer than most people realise, a a draft report from the world’s leading climate scientists suggests, and will fundamentally reshape life in the coming decades even if greenhouse gas emissions are brought under some control.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is preparing a landmark report to be published in stages this summer and next year. Most of the report will not be published in time for consideration by policymakers at Cop26, the UN climate talks taking place in November in Glasgow.

A draft of the IPCC report apparently from early this year was leaked to Agence France-Presse, which reported on its findings on Thursday. The draft warns of a series of thresholds beyond which recovery from climate breakdown may become impossible. It warns: “Life on Earth can recover from a drastic climate shift by evolving into new species and creating new ecosystems … humans cannot.”

Tipping points are triggered when temperatures reach a certain level, whereby one impact rapidly leads to a series of cascading events with vast repercussions. For instance, as rising temperatures lead to the melting of Arctic permafrost, the unfreezing soil releases methane, a powerful greenhouse gas that in turn causes more heating.

Continue lendo…

PROCESSO SELETIVO BOLSAS PARA O CURSO YCL ATÉ 01/AGO!

No sentido de ampliar a sensibilização e o engajamento sobre a crise climática, o Fé no Clima tem o prazer de divulgar a abertura do Processo Seletivo de Bolsas para o Curso de Liderança Climática Para o Século XXI (até 01/8). O curso é uma realização do YCL – Youth Climate Leaders (rede internacional de jovens líderes climáticos) e tem como objetivo capacitar jovens de todo o mundo com habilidades de liderança e empreendedorismo para trabalharem e lidarem com o tema das mudanças climáticas. Caso haja possibilidade, sugerimos que divulguem aos jovens da sua comunidade de fé que possam se interessar pela temática.

_________________________________________

PROCESSO SELETIVO BOLSAS PARA O CURSO YCL ATÉ 01/AGO!

Um dos pilares principais dos treinamentos do YCL é a diversidade dos participantes selecionados. Por isso, fazemos um grande esforço para apoiar líderes climáticos que não possuam meios de pagar pela sua inscrição. Hoje, mais de 40% dos membros da rede são bolsistas, que engrandecem essa rede tão incrível.

Pedimos por favor para que nos ajudem compartilhando nas suas redes!
Mais informações sobre o curso YCL: bit.ly/cursoycl
Formulário de inscrição para bolsas: bit.ly/cursoycl

Día de Lucha contra la Desertificación y la Sequía 17 de junio de 2021

  1. Introducción

Cada vez son más las voces, en todo el mundo, que reclaman una recuperación de la pandemia de COVID-19 respetuosa con el medio ambiente. Una recuperación verde que favoreciese economías resilientes y medidas robustas y urgentes para abordar el cambio climático. Semejante cambio invertiría la pérdida de naturaleza y biodiversidad, que carcome los cimientos de la existencia humana y aumenta el riesgo de futuras pandemias. Aunque parezca excesivo, existe un enfoque que puede ayudar a resolver todos los problemas a la vez: restaurar las tierras degradadas. Restaurar las tierras degradadas genera empleo y aumenta los niveles de ingresos; incrementa la seguridad alimentaria; reduce el carbono de la atmósfera, lo que disminuye el cambio climático; recupera la biodiversidad y nos protege de los efectos del cambio climático. Habida cuenta de los billones de dólares destinados a la recuperación de la pandemia y de los compromisos de restauración, ya acordados con motivo del comienzo del Decenio de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Restauración de los Ecosistemas —los cuales abarcan cerca de 1.000 millones de hectáreas — disponemos de una oportunidad excelente para reconstruir mejor empleando tierra sana.

 

  1. Objetivo

El objetivo del Día de Lucha contra la Desertificación y la Sequía de 2021 radica em demostrar que invertir en tierra sana, como parte de una recuperación verde, supone uma decisión económica inteligente. No solo en cuanto que genera empleo y restituye los medios de subsistencia, sino también con miras a proteger a las economías de futuras crisis derivadas del cambio climático y la pérdida de naturaleza, así como para acelerar el progreso en la consecución de los 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. De esta forma, con el Día de Lucha contra la Desertificación y la Sequía se pretende fomentar medidas que protejan y restauren los ecosistemas naturales, en el marco de la recuperación de la COVID-19. A tal fin, la Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación (CNULD) colaborará con el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía de Costa Rica, anfitrión de esta celebración global, con el propósito de alentar a hogares, comunidades, sector privado y países a mejorar su relación con la naturaleza.

Continue lendo…

The state of the climate in 2021 BBC Future

After the turbulent year of 2020, BBC Future takes stock on the state of the climate at the beginning of 2021.

 

From unprecedented wildfires across the US to the extraordinary heat of Siberia, the impacts of climate change were felt in every corner of the world in 2020. We have come to a “moment of truth”, United Nations Secretary General Antonio Guterres said in his State of the Planet speech in December. “Covid and climate have brought us to a threshold.” BBC Future brings you our round-up of where we are on climate change at the start of 2021, according to five crucial measures of climate health.

  1. CO2 levels

The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere reached record levels in 2020, hitting 417 parts per million in May. The last time CO2 levels exceeded 400 parts per million was around four million years ago, during the Pliocene era, when global temperatures were 2-4C warmer and sea levels were 10-25 metres (33-82 feet) higher than they are now.

“We are seeing record levels every year,” says Ralph Keeling, head of the CO2 programme at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, which has been tracking CO2 concentrations from the Mauna Loa observatory in Hawaii since 1958. “We saw record levels again this year despite Covid.”

The effect of lockdowns on concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere was so small that it registers as a “blip”, hardly distinguishable from the year-to-year fluctuations of the carbon cycle, according to the World Meteorological Organization, and has had a negligible impact on the overall curve of rising CO2 levels.

“We have put 100ppm of CO2 in the atmosphere in the last 60 years,” says Martin Siegert, co-director of the Grantham Institute for climate change and the environment at Imperial College London. That is 100 times faster than previous natural increases, such as those that occurred towards the end of the last ice age more than 10,000 years ago.

Continue lendo…

FAO and PNUMA participate in launch of e-book on urban afforestation

FAO e PNUMA participam de lançamento de e-book sobre arborização urbana

 

This Friday (11), at 2 pm, the launch of the e-book “Green Urban”, the first of the series “Me, the environment and you”, will bring environmental and socio-environmental themes and is linked to a project that born with the philosophy of collaborative creation, conceived and led by biologists and researchers Maurício Lamano Ferreira (UNASP), Alessandro Zabotto (PNUMA) and Fernando Periotto (UFSCar).The main objective of the book is to support people’s approach to nature.

The e-book is supported by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the United Nations Environment Program (PNUMA), leading agencies for the Decade of Ecosystem Restoration.

“By supporting the launch of this e-book, we reaffirm our commitment to continue working to ensure that biodiversity and ecosystem health are increasingly integrated to contribute to truly sustainable agriculture and greener cities,” explains FAO Representative, Rafael Zavala.

Know more…

Google and Harvard produce the highest resolution map of the human brain

Google e Harvard produzem mapa em mais alta resolução do cérebro humano

 

Scientists from Google and Harvard University, in the United States, published on Tuesday (8) the most detailed map of the connections of the human brain. The technology covers 1 cubic millimeter of the Central Nervous System, including various layers and types of cells in the cerebral cortex, an area responsible for functions such as thinking, planning and language.

Called “H01”, the map was developed from real samples of this region of the brain, which were cut into 5,300 sections, each 30 nanometers thick (1 nanometer is equivalent to a billionth of a meter). The samples were obtained from neurological surgeries for the treatment of epilepsy, performed at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. Normally, pieces of cortex are removed during such procedures to gain access to a place deeper in the brain where an epileptic seizure can begin.

Then, the tissues were photographed in a scanning electron microscope with a resolution of 4 nanometers, resulting in 225 million images. The entire collection was represented in 3D and an algorithm served to classify the data, which includes tens of thousands of reconstructed neurons, millions of fragments of these neurons, 130 million synapses, several cells and other structures.

Know more…

IISD – International Institute for Sustainable Development

Earth Negotiations Bulletin (ENB) is a balanced, timely, and independent reporting service on United Nations environment and development negotiations.

The Earth Negotiations Bulletin team provides daily coverage at sustainable development negotiations and events around the world, documenting global efforts to tackle climate change, biodiversity loss, sustainable land use, safe chemicals management, deep sea mining, and other global challenges. We distribute our free daily reports and summaries at meeting venues as well as by email to our subscribers, increasing transparency, engagement, and accountability in these vital processes.

With tens of thousands of subscribers—including government ministers and officials, UN delegates, NGOs, the business community, academics, and the media—and an unmatched team of environmental negotiation specialists, Earth Negotiations Bulletin is an essential actor in the world’s journey toward a more just, sustainable planet.

Access HERE to know more.

Secretary-General’s message on the occasion of World Environment Day 2021

On this World Environment Day, we inaugurate the United Nations Decade for Ecosystem Restoration, a global movement that will bring together governments, businesses, civil society and citizens in an unprecedented effort to repair the planet. By restoring ecosystems, we can bring about a transformation that contributes to achieving all of the Sustainable Development Goals.